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GCC Code Coverage Report
Directory:	./		Exec	Total	Coverage
File:	src/nrrd/formatNRRD.c	Lines:	171	349	49.0 %
Date:	2017-05-26	Branches:	132	302	43.7 %

/*
  Teem: Tools to process and visualize scientific data and images             .
  Copyright (C) 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009  University of Chicago
  Copyright (C) 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005  Gordon Kindlmann
  Copyright (C) 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998  University of Utah

  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  (LGPL) as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  The terms of redistributing and/or modifying this software also
  include exceptions to the LGPL that facilitate static linking.

  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with this library; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
*/

#include "nrrd.h"
#include "privateNrrd.h"

/***
**** Info about string handling for fields

The Nrrd format can include strings in different fields, with different
rules for each one; see http://teem.sourceforge.net/nrrd/format.html Below
is some documentation of how the strings are handled, which is mostly a
documentation of old (long-established) code, the gathering of which
uncovered some problems and led to some new code (as of Thu Aug 23 09:32:11
CDT 2012).  Conceptual inconsistencies in the different handlings of strings
merit further review, including updating the file format spec (e.g. what
non-ASCII characters can be allowed where?  Unicode?  what encoding? etc).
This all also highlights the need for having a completely uniform way of
setting these fields at one-time via the nrrd library (e.g. can use
nrrdAxisInfoSet for "units" but there is no API for setting "space units").
Should that API flag as error if you try to include characters that can't
be losslessly saved, or should it silently transform things?

** Comments:
On disk, delimited by the NRRD_COMMENT_CHAR ('#') and the
end of the line, but the format spec doesn't address any escaping.
Input comments processed via:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_read()
  --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdReadNrrdParse_comment()
      --> nrrd/comment.c/nrrdCommentAdd()
           --> air/string.c/airOneLinify()
On write, output comments processed via:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_write()
  --> air/string.c/airOneLinify()
==> There is no escaping of anything: white-space is compressed into
a single ' '.  Probably justified justified given format spec.

** Content: On disk, finished with the end of line.  No mention
of escaping in the format spec. Input content processed via:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_read()
  --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdReadNrrdParse_content()
      which does NO processing, just airStrdup
On write, output content processed via:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_write()
  --> nrrd/write.c/_nrrdSprintFieldInfo()  (maybe via _nrrdFprintFieldInfo())
      --> air/string.c/airOneLinify()
==> not only is there no escaping, but there's some assymmetry in the
use of airOneLinify.  If information is being encoded in the number of
contiguous spaces in the content, its preserved on input but not on
output.  Still, there's no chance of writing a broken file.

** key/value pairs: The keys and values are separated by ":=", and the
format spec says (string) "\n" means (character) '\n' and "\\" means '\\'.
On input, both keys and values processed via:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_read()
  --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdReadNrrdParse_keyvalue()
     --> air/string.c/airUnescape(), which deals with "\n" and "\\" ONLY
         (not quotes, not other whitespace), and then
     --> nrrd/keyvalue.c/nrrdKeyValueAdd(),
         which only does an airStrdup
On output, keys and values processed via
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_write()
  --> nrrd/keyvalue.c/_nrrdKeyValueWrite()
      --> nrrd/keyvalue.c/_nrrdWriteEscaped()
        which is invoked to escape \n and \,
        and (NOTE!) to convert all other whitespace to ' '
Aside from the file format spec, the nrrd *library* does not really have
any strictures about the characters that are allowed at run-time in key/values
(and indeed nrrdKeyValueAdd just does an airStrdup). But without
converting or escaping, say, '\r', you'll generate a broken NRRD file,
hence the new handling of converting other whitespace to ' '.

** labels and units: A "-delimited string per axis.
Format spec is very specific for labels, and implies units are the same:
"Within each label, double quotes may be included by escaping them
(\"), but no other form of escaping is supported".  On input:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_read()
  --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdReadNrrdParse_labels()
                    or _nrrdReadNrrdParse_units()
      --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdGetQuotedString()
          which does the work of unescaping \"
On output:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_write()
  --> nrrd/write.c/_nrrdSprintFieldInfo()  (maybe via _nrrdFprintFieldInfo())
      --> nrrd/keyvalue.c/_nrrdWriteEscaped()
        which is invoked to escape ",
        and (NOTE!) to convert all other whitespace to ' '
Same concern above about characters that when written would generate a
bad NRRD file, but which are not documented as escape-able in label or unit

** space units: A "-delimited string per axis of *world-space* (NOT
the same a per-axis field, like units).  Format is sadly silent on issue of
escaping for these; so we might as well treat them like labels & units
units. On input:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_read()
  --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdReadNrrdParse_space_units
      --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdGetQuotedString()
          which does the work of unescaping \"
On output:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_write()
  --> nrrd/write.c/_nrrdSprintFieldInfo()  (maybe via _nrrdFprintFieldInfo())
      --> nrrd/keyvalue.c/_nrrdWriteEscaped()
        which is invoked to escape ",
        and (NOTE!) to convert all other whitespace to ' '

** sample units: like content and comments, not a quoted string. On input:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_read()
  --> nrrd/parseNrrd.c/_nrrdReadNrrdParse_sample_units()
      which does nothing except a strdup
On output:
  nrrd/formatNrrd.c/_nrrdFormatNRRD_write()
  --> nrrd/write.c/_nrrdSprintFieldInfo()  (maybe via _nrrdFprintFieldInfo())
      --> air/string.c/airOneLinify()

****
***/

#define MAGIC "NRRD"
#define MAGIC0 "NRRD00.01"
#define MAGIC1 "NRRD0001"
#define MAGIC2 "NRRD0002"
#define MAGIC3 "NRRD0003"
#define MAGIC4 "NRRD0004"
#define MAGIC5 "NRRD0005"
#define MAGIC6 "NRRD0006"

const char *
_nrrdFormatURLLine0 = "Complete NRRD file format specification at:";
const char *
_nrrdFormatURLLine1 = "http://teem.sourceforge.net/nrrd/format.html";

void
nrrdIoStateDataFileIterBegin(NrrdIoState *nio) {

  nio->dataFNIndex = 0;
  return;
}

/* this macro suggested by Bryan Worthen */
/* if str = '-', strcmp() is 0, && short circuits, return false
** else str != '-'
** if str[1] = ':', its probably a windows full path, != is 0, return false
** else str[1] != ':'
** if str[0] = '/', its a normal full path, return false
*/
#define _NEED_PATH(str) (strcmp("-", (str)) \
                         && ':' != (str)[1] \
                         && '/' != (str)[0])

/*
** this is responsible for the header-relative path processing
**
** NOTE: if the filename is "-", then because it does not start with '/',
** it would normally be prefixed by nio->path, so it needs special handling
**
** NOTE: this should work okay with nio->headerStringRead, I think ...
*/
int
nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext(FILE **fileP, NrrdIoState *nio, int reading) {
  static const char me[]="nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext";
  char *fname=NULL;
  int ii, needPath;
  unsigned int num, fi;
  size_t maxl;
  airArray *mop;

  mop = airMopNew();
  airMopAdd(mop, (void*)fileP, (airMopper)airSetNull, airMopOnError);

  if (!fileP) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: got NULL pointer", me);
    airMopError(mop); return 1;
  }
  if (!_nrrdDataFNNumber(nio)) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: there appear to be zero datafiles!", me);
    airMopError(mop); return 1;
  }

  if (nio->dataFNIndex >= _nrrdDataFNNumber(nio)) {
    /* there is no next data file, but we don't make that an error
       (though as of Tue Oct  2 22:53:14 CDT 2012, GLK can't remember
       why this condition would ever occur) */
    nio->dataFNIndex = _nrrdDataFNNumber(nio);
    airMopOkay(mop);
    *fileP = NULL;
    return 0;
  }

  /* HEY: some of this error checking is done far more often than needed */
  if (nio->dataFNFormat || nio->dataFNArr->len) {
    needPath = AIR_FALSE;
    maxl = 0;
    if (nio->dataFNFormat) {
      needPath = _NEED_PATH(nio->dataFNFormat);
      /* assuming 10-digit integers is plenty big */
      maxl = 10 + strlen(nio->dataFNFormat);
    } else {
      for (fi=0; fi<nio->dataFNArr->len; fi++) {
        needPath |= _NEED_PATH(nio->dataFN[fi]);
        maxl = AIR_MAX(maxl, strlen(nio->dataFN[fi]));
      }
    }
    if (needPath && !airStrlen(nio->path)) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: need nio->path for header-relative datafiles", me);
      airMopError(mop); return 1;
    }
    fname = (char*)malloc(airStrlen(nio->path) + strlen("/") + maxl + 1);
    if (!fname) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't allocate filename buffer", me);
      airMopError(mop); return 1;
    }
    airMopAdd(mop, fname, airFree, airMopAlways);
  }

  if (nio->dataFNFormat) {
    /* ---------------------------------------------------------- */
    /* --------- base.%d <min> <max> <step> [<dim>] ------------- */
    /* ---------------------------------------------------------- */
    num = 0;
    for (ii = nio->dataFNMin;
         ((nio->dataFNStep > 0 && ii <= nio->dataFNMax)
          || (nio->dataFNStep < 0 && ii >= nio->dataFNMax));
         ii += nio->dataFNStep) {
      if (num == nio->dataFNIndex) {
        break;
      }
      num += 1;
    }
    if (_NEED_PATH(nio->dataFNFormat)) {
      strcpy(fname, nio->path);
      strcat(fname, "/");
      sprintf(fname + strlen(nio->path) + strlen("/"), nio->dataFNFormat, ii);
    } else {
      sprintf(fname, nio->dataFNFormat, ii);
    }
  } else if (nio->dataFNArr->len) {
    /* ---------------------------------------------------------- */
    /* ------------------- LIST or single ----------------------- */
    /* ---------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (_NEED_PATH(nio->dataFN[nio->dataFNIndex])) {
      sprintf(fname, "%s/%s", nio->path, nio->dataFN[nio->dataFNIndex]);
    } else {
      strcpy(fname, nio->dataFN[nio->dataFNIndex]);
    }
  }
  /* else data file is attached */

  if (nio->dataFNFormat || nio->dataFNArr->len) {
    *fileP = airFopen(fname, reading ? stdin : stdout, reading ? "rb" : "wb");
    if (!(*fileP)) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't open \"%s\" (data file %u of %u) for %s",
               me, fname, nio->dataFNIndex+1, _nrrdDataFNNumber(nio),
               reading ? "reading" : "writing");
      airMopError(mop); return 1;
    }
  } else {
    /* data file is attached */
    if (nio->headerStringRead) {
      /* except we were never reading from a file to begin with, but this
         isn't an error */
      *fileP = NULL;
    } else {
      *fileP = nio->headerFile;
    }
  }

  nio->dataFNIndex++;
  airMopOkay(mop);
  return 0;
}

/*
** we try to use the oldest format that will hold the nrrd
*/
int
_nrrdFormatNRRD_whichVersion(const Nrrd *nrrd, NrrdIoState *nio) {
  int ret;

  if (nrrdEncodingZRL == nio->encoding
      || nrrdSpaceRightUp == nrrd->space
      || nrrdSpaceRightDown == nrrd->space) {
    ret = 6;
  } else if (_nrrdFieldInteresting(nrrd, nio, nrrdField_measurement_frame)) {
    ret = 5;
  } else if (_nrrdFieldInteresting(nrrd, nio, nrrdField_thicknesses)
             || _nrrdFieldInteresting(nrrd, nio, nrrdField_space)
             || _nrrdFieldInteresting(nrrd, nio, nrrdField_space_dimension)
             || _nrrdFieldInteresting(nrrd, nio, nrrdField_sample_units)
             || airStrlen(nio->dataFNFormat) || nio->dataFNArr->len > 1) {
    ret = 4;
  } else if (_nrrdFieldInteresting(nrrd, nio, nrrdField_kinds)) {
    ret = 3;
  } else if (nrrdKeyValueSize(nrrd)) {
    ret = 2;
  } else {
    ret = 1;
  }
  return ret;
}

static int
_nrrdFormatNRRD_available(void) {

  return AIR_TRUE;
}

static int
_nrrdFormatNRRD_nameLooksLike(const char *filename) {

  return (airEndsWith(filename, NRRD_EXT_NRRD)
          || airEndsWith(filename, NRRD_EXT_NHDR));
}

static int
_nrrdFormatNRRD_fitsInto(const Nrrd *nrrd, const NrrdEncoding *encoding,
                         int useBiff) {
  static const char me[]="_nrrdFormatNRRD_fitsInto";

  if (!( nrrd && encoding )) {
    biffMaybeAddf(useBiff, NRRD, "%s: got NULL nrrd (%p) or encoding (%p)",
                  me, AIR_CVOIDP(nrrd), AIR_CVOIDP(encoding));
    return AIR_FALSE;
  }

  /* everything fits in a nrrd */
  return AIR_TRUE;
}

static int
_nrrdFormatNRRD_contentStartsLike(NrrdIoState *nio) {

  return (!strcmp(MAGIC0, nio->line)
          || !strcmp(MAGIC1, nio->line)
          || !strcmp(MAGIC2, nio->line)
          || !strcmp(MAGIC3, nio->line)
          || !strcmp(MAGIC4, nio->line)
          || !strcmp(MAGIC5, nio->line)
          || !strcmp(MAGIC6, nio->line)
          );
}

/*
** _nrrdHeaderCheck()
**
** minimal consistency checks on relationship between fields of nrrd,
** only to be used after the headers is parsed, and before the data is
** read, to make sure that information required for reading data is in
** fact known.
**
** NOTE: this is not the place to do the sort of checking done by
** nrrdCheck(), because it includes I/O-specific stuff
**
*/
int
_nrrdHeaderCheck(Nrrd *nrrd, NrrdIoState *nio, int checkSeen) {
  static const char me[]="_nrrdHeaderCheck";
  int i;

  if (checkSeen) {
    for (i=1; i<=NRRD_FIELD_MAX; i++) {
      if (_nrrdFieldRequired[i] && !nio->seen[i]) {
        biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: didn't see required field: %s",
                 me, airEnumStr(nrrdField, i));
        return 1;
      }
    }
  }
  if (nrrdTypeBlock == nrrd->type && !nrrd->blockSize) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: type is %s, but missing field: %s", me,
             airEnumStr(nrrdType, nrrdTypeBlock),
             airEnumStr(nrrdField, nrrdField_block_size));
    return 1;
  }
  if (!nrrdElementSize(nrrd)) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: nrrd reports zero element size!", me);
    return 1;
  }
  /* _nrrdReadNrrdParse_sizes() checks axis[i].size, which completely
     determines the return of nrrdElementNumber() */
  if (airEndianUnknown == nio->endian
      && nio->encoding->endianMatters
      && 1 != nrrdElementSize(nrrd)) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: type (%s) and encoding (%s) require %s info", me,
             airEnumStr(nrrdType, nrrd->type),
             nio->encoding->name,
             airEnumStr(nrrdField, nrrdField_endian));
    return 1;
  }

  /* we don't really try to enforce consistency with the
     min/max/center/size information on each axis, other than the
     value checking done by the _nrrdReadNrrdParse_* functions,
     because we only really care that we know each axis size.  Past
     that, if the user messes it up, its not really our problem ... */

  return 0;
}

/*
** NOTE: currently, this will read, without complaints or errors,
** newer NRRD format features from older NRRD files (as indicated by
** magic), such as key/value pairs from a NRRD0001 file, even though
** strictly speaking these are violations of the format.
**
** NOTE: by giving a NULL "file", you can make this function basically
** do the work of reading in datafiles, without any header parsing
*/
static int
_nrrdFormatNRRD_read(FILE *file, Nrrd *nrrd, NrrdIoState *nio) {
  static const char me[]="_nrrdFormatNRRD_read";
  /* Dynamically allocated for space reasons. */
  /* MWC: These strlen usages look really unsafe. */
  int ret;
  unsigned int llen;
  size_t valsPerPiece;
  char *data;
  FILE *dataFile=NULL;

  /* record where the header is being read from for the sake of
     nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext() */
  nio->headerFile = file;

  /* GLK forgets the context in which file might be reasonably NULL
     but on Fri Sep 23 09:48:41 EDT 2005 this was "if (file) { ..." */
  /* nio->headerStringRead is NULL whenever IO from string is not being done */
  if (file || nio->headerStringRead) {
    if (!_nrrdFormatNRRD_contentStartsLike(nio)) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: this doesn't look like a %s file", me,
               nrrdFormatNRRD->name);
      return 1;
    }
    /* parse all the header lines */
    do {
      nio->pos = 0;
      if (_nrrdOneLine(&llen, nio, file)) {
        biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: trouble getting line of header", me);
        return 1;
      }
      if (llen > 1) {
        ret = _nrrdReadNrrdParseField(nio, AIR_TRUE);
        if (!ret) {
          biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: trouble parsing NRRD field identifier from "
                   "in \"%s\"", me, nio->line);
          return 1;
        }
        /* comments and key/values are allowed multiple times */
        if (nio->seen[ret]
            && !(ret == nrrdField_comment || ret == nrrdField_keyvalue)) {
          biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: already set field %s", me,
                   airEnumStr(nrrdField, ret));
          return 1;
        }
        if (nrrdFieldInfoParse[ret](file, nrrd, nio, AIR_TRUE)) {
          biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: trouble parsing %s info |%s|", me,
                   airEnumStr(nrrdField, ret), nio->line + nio->pos);
          return 1;
        }
        nio->seen[ret] = AIR_TRUE;
      }
    } while (llen > 1);
    /* either
       0 == llen: we're at EOF (or end of nio->headerStringRead), or
       1 == llen: we just read the empty line separating header from data */
    if (0 == llen
        && !nio->headerStringRead
        && !nio->dataFNFormat
        && 0 == nio->dataFNArr->len) {
      /* we're at EOF, we're not reading from a string, but there's
         apparently no separate data file */
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: hit end of header, but no \"%s\" given", me,
               airEnumStr(nrrdField, nrrdField_data_file));
      return 1;
    }
  }
  if (_nrrdHeaderCheck(nrrd, nio, !!file)) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: %s", me,
             (llen ? "finished reading header, but there were problems"
              : "hit EOF before seeing a complete valid header"));
    return 1;
  }

  /* we seemed to have read in a valid header; now allocate the memory.
     For directIO-compatible allocation we need to get the first datafile */
  nrrdIoStateDataFileIterBegin(nio);
  /* NOTE: if nio->headerStringRead, this may set dataFile to NULL */
  if (nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext(&dataFile, nio, AIR_TRUE)) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't open the first datafile", me);
    return 1;
  }
  if (nio->skipData) {
    nrrd->data = NULL;
    data = NULL;
  } else {
    if (_nrrdCalloc(nrrd, nio, dataFile)) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't allocate memory for data", me);
      return 1;
    }
    data = (char*)nrrd->data;
  }

  /* iterate through datafiles and read them in */
  /* NOTE: you have to open dataFile even in the case of skipData, because
     caller might have set keepNrrdDataFileOpen, in which case you need to
     do any line or byte skipping if it is specified */
  valsPerPiece = nrrdElementNumber(nrrd)/_nrrdDataFNNumber(nio);
  while (dataFile) {
    /* ---------------- skip, if need be */
    if (nrrdLineSkip(dataFile, nio)) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't skip lines", me);
      return 1;
    }
    if (!nio->encoding->isCompression) {
      /* bytes are skipped here for non-compression encodings, but are
         skipped within the decompressed stream for compression encodings */
      if (nio->dataFSkip) {
        /* this error checking is clearly done unnecessarily repeated,
           but it was logically the simplest place to add it */
        if (nio->byteSkip) {
          biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: using per-list-line skip, "
                   "but also set global byte skip %ld", me, nio->byteSkip);
          return 1;
        }
        /* wow, the meaning of nio->dataFNIndex is a little confusing */
        if (_nrrdByteSkipSkip(dataFile, nrrd, nio, nio->dataFSkip[nio->dataFNIndex-1])) {
          biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't skip %ld bytes on for list line %u",
                   me, nio->dataFSkip[nio->dataFNIndex-1], nio->dataFNIndex-1);
          return 1;
        }
      } else {
        if (nrrdByteSkip(dataFile, nrrd, nio)) {
          biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't skip bytes", me);
          return 1;
        }
      }
    }
    /* ---------------- read the data itself */
    if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
      fprintf(stderr, "(%s: reading %s data ... ", me, nio->encoding->name);
      fflush(stderr);
    }
    if (!nio->skipData) {
      if (nio->encoding->read(dataFile, data, valsPerPiece, nrrd, nio)) {
        if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
          fprintf(stderr, "error!\n");
        }
        biffAddf(NRRD, "%s:", me);
        return 1;
      }
    }
    if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
      fprintf(stderr, "done)\n");
    }
    /* ---------------- go to next data file */
    if (nio->keepNrrdDataFileOpen && _nrrdDataFNNumber(nio) == 1) {
      nio->dataFile = dataFile;
    } else {
      if (dataFile != nio->headerFile) {
        dataFile = airFclose(dataFile);
      }
    }
    data += valsPerPiece*nrrdElementSize(nrrd);
    if (nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext(&dataFile, nio, AIR_TRUE)) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't get the next datafile", me);
      return 1;
    }
  }

  if (airEndianUnknown != nio->endian && nrrd->data) {
    /* we positively know the endianness of data just read */
    if (1 < nrrdElementSize(nrrd)
        && nio->encoding->endianMatters
        && nio->endian != airMyEndian()) {
      /* endianness exposed in encoding, and its wrong */
      if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
        fprintf(stderr, "(%s: fixing endianness ... ", me);
        fflush(stderr);
      }
      nrrdSwapEndian(nrrd);
      if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
        fprintf(stderr, "done)\n");
        fflush(stderr);
      }
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

static int
_nrrdFormatNRRD_write(FILE *file, const Nrrd *nrrd, NrrdIoState *nio) {
  static const char me[]="_nrrdFormatNRRD_write";
  char strbuf[AIR_STRLEN_MED], *strptr, *tmp;
  int ii;
  unsigned int jj;
  airArray *mop;
  FILE *dataFile=NULL;
  size_t valsPerPiece;
  char *data;

  mop = airMopNew();

  if (!(file
        || nio->headerStringWrite
        || nio->learningHeaderStrlen)) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: have no file or string to write to, nor are "
             "learning header string length", me);
    airMopError(mop); return 1;
  }
  if (nrrdTypeBlock == nrrd->type && nrrdEncodingAscii == nio->encoding) {
    biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: can't write nrrd type %s with %s encoding", me,
             airEnumStr(nrrdType, nrrdTypeBlock),
             nrrdEncodingAscii->name);
    airMopError(mop); return 1;
  }

  /* record where the header is being written to for the sake of
     nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext(). This may be NULL if
     nio->headerStringWrite is non-NULL */
  nio->headerFile = file;

  /* we have to make sure that the data filename information is set
     (if needed), so that it can be printed by _nrrdFprintFieldInfo */
  if (nio->detachedHeader
      && !nio->dataFNFormat
      && 0 == nio->dataFNArr->len) {
    /* NOTE: this means someone requested a detached header, but we
       don't already have implicit (via dataFNFormat) or explicit
       (via dataFN[]) information about the data file */
    /* NOTE: whether or not nio->skipData, we have to contrive a filename to
       say in the "data file" field, which is stored in nio->dataFN[0],
       because the data filename will be "interesting", according to
       _nrrdFieldInteresting() */
    /* NOTE: Fri Feb  4 01:42:20 EST 2005 the way this is now set up, having
       a name in dataFN[0] will trump the name implied by nio->{path,base},
       which is a useful way for the user to explicitly set the output
       data filename (as with unu make -od) */
    if (!( !!airStrlen(nio->path) && !!airStrlen(nio->base) )) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: can't create data file name: nio's "
               "path and base empty", me);
      airMopError(mop); return 1;
    }
    tmp = (char*)malloc(strlen(nio->base)
                        + strlen(".")
                        + strlen(nio->encoding->suffix) + 1);
    if (!tmp) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't allocate data filename", me);
      airMopError(mop); return 1;
    }
    airMopAdd(mop, tmp, airFree, airMopOnError);
    sprintf(tmp, "%s.%s", nio->base, nio->encoding->suffix);
    jj = airArrayLenIncr(nio->dataFNArr, 1);
    if (!nio->dataFNArr->data) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: can't increase dataFNArr storage", me);
      airMopError(mop); return 1;
    }
    nio->dataFN[jj] = tmp;
  }

  /* the magic is in fact the first thing to be written */
  if (file) {
    fprintf(file, "%s%04d\n", MAGIC, _nrrdFormatNRRD_whichVersion(nrrd, nio));
  } else if (nio->headerStringWrite) {
    sprintf(nio->headerStringWrite, "%s%04d\n",
            MAGIC, _nrrdFormatNRRD_whichVersion(nrrd, nio));
  } else {
    nio->headerStrlen = AIR_CAST(unsigned int, strlen(MAGIC) + strlen("0000")) + 1;
  }

  /* write the advertisement about where to get the file format */
  if (!nio->skipFormatURL) {
    if (file) {
      fprintf(file, "# %s\n", _nrrdFormatURLLine0);
      fprintf(file, "# %s\n", _nrrdFormatURLLine1);
    } else if (nio->headerStringWrite) {
      sprintf(strbuf, "# %s\n", _nrrdFormatURLLine0);
      strcat(nio->headerStringWrite, strbuf);
      sprintf(strbuf, "# %s\n", _nrrdFormatURLLine1);
      strcat(nio->headerStringWrite, strbuf);
    } else {
      nio->headerStrlen += sprintf(strbuf, "# %s\n", _nrrdFormatURLLine0);
      nio->headerStrlen += sprintf(strbuf, "# %s\n", _nrrdFormatURLLine1);
    }
  }

  /* this is where the majority of the header printing happens */
  for (ii=1; ii<=NRRD_FIELD_MAX; ii++) {
    if (_nrrdFieldInteresting(nrrd, nio, ii)) {
      if (file) {
        _nrrdFprintFieldInfo(file, "", nrrd, nio, ii, AIR_FALSE);
      } else if (nio->headerStringWrite) {
        _nrrdSprintFieldInfo(&strptr, "", nrrd, nio, ii, AIR_FALSE);
        if (strptr) {
          strcat(nio->headerStringWrite, strptr);
          strcat(nio->headerStringWrite, "\n");
          free(strptr);
          strptr = NULL;
        }
      } else {
        _nrrdSprintFieldInfo(&strptr, "", nrrd, nio, ii, AIR_FALSE);
        if (strptr) {
          nio->headerStrlen += AIR_CAST(unsigned int, strlen(strptr));
          nio->headerStrlen += AIR_CAST(unsigned int, strlen("\n"));
          free(strptr);
          strptr = NULL;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /* comments and key/value pairs handled differently */
  for (jj=0; jj<nrrd->cmtArr->len; jj++) {
    char *strtmp;
    strtmp = airOneLinify(airStrdup(nrrd->cmt[jj]));
    if (file) {
      fprintf(file, "%c %s\n", NRRD_COMMENT_CHAR, strtmp);
    } else if (nio->headerStringWrite) {
      strptr = (char*)malloc(1 + strlen(" ")
                             + strlen(strtmp) + strlen("\n") + 1);
      sprintf(strptr, "%c %s\n", NRRD_COMMENT_CHAR, strtmp);
      strcat(nio->headerStringWrite, strptr);
      free(strptr);
      strptr = NULL;
    } else {
      nio->headerStrlen += (1 + AIR_CAST(unsigned int, strlen(" ")
                                         + strlen(strtmp)
                                         + strlen("\n")) + 1);
    }
    airFree(strtmp);
  }
  for (jj=0; jj<nrrd->kvpArr->len; jj++) {
    if (file) {
      _nrrdKeyValueWrite(file, NULL,
                         NULL, nrrd->kvp[0 + 2*jj], nrrd->kvp[1 + 2*jj]);
    } else if (nio->headerStringWrite) {
      _nrrdKeyValueWrite(NULL, &strptr,
                         NULL, nrrd->kvp[0 + 2*jj], nrrd->kvp[1 + 2*jj]);
      if (strptr) {
        strcat(nio->headerStringWrite, strptr);
        free(strptr);
        strptr = NULL;
      }
    } else {
      _nrrdKeyValueWrite(NULL, &strptr,
                         NULL, nrrd->kvp[0 + 2*jj], nrrd->kvp[1 + 2*jj]);
      if (strptr) {
        nio->headerStrlen += AIR_CAST(unsigned int, strlen(strptr));
        free(strptr);
        strptr = NULL;
      }
    }
  }

  if (file) {
    if (!( nio->detachedHeader || _nrrdDataFNNumber(nio) > 1 )) {
      fprintf(file, "\n");
    }
  }

  if (file && !nio->skipData) {
    nrrdIoStateDataFileIterBegin(nio);
    if (nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext(&dataFile, nio, AIR_FALSE)) {
      biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't write the first datafile", me);
      airMopError(mop); return 1;
    }

    valsPerPiece = nrrdElementNumber(nrrd)/_nrrdDataFNNumber(nio);
    data = (char*)nrrd->data;
    do {
      /* ---------------- write data */
      if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
        fprintf(stderr, "(%s: writing %s data ", me, nio->encoding->name);
        fflush(stderr);
      }
      if (nio->encoding->write(dataFile, data, valsPerPiece, nrrd, nio)) {
        if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
          fprintf(stderr, "error!\n");
        }
        biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't write %s data", me, nio->encoding->name);
        airMopError(mop); return 1;
      }
      if (2 <= nrrdStateVerboseIO) {
        fprintf(stderr, "done)\n");
      }
      /* ---------------- go to next data file */
      if (dataFile != nio->headerFile) {
        dataFile = airFclose(dataFile);
      }
      data += valsPerPiece*nrrdElementSize(nrrd);
      if (nrrdIoStateDataFileIterNext(&dataFile, nio, AIR_TRUE)) {
        biffAddf(NRRD, "%s: couldn't get the next datafile", me);
        airMopError(mop); return 1;
      }
    } while (dataFile);
  }

  airMopOkay(mop);
  return 0;
}

const NrrdFormat
_nrrdFormatNRRD = {
  "NRRD",
  AIR_FALSE,  /* isImage */
  AIR_TRUE,   /* readable */
  AIR_TRUE,   /* usesDIO */
  _nrrdFormatNRRD_available,
  _nrrdFormatNRRD_nameLooksLike,
  _nrrdFormatNRRD_fitsInto,
  _nrrdFormatNRRD_contentStartsLike,
  _nrrdFormatNRRD_read,
  _nrrdFormatNRRD_write
};

const NrrdFormat *const
nrrdFormatNRRD = &_nrrdFormatNRRD;

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